Biology

Subjects to add/finish: Anatomy, Botany, Cell Biology, Ecology, Epidemiology
Anatomy
guhh

Botany
Generic Plant Dichotmous Key
1 Has seed, may have fruit

Sporophyte/Gametophyte (unfern-like)

,

May have flowering, conical, or scaley parts.

2 Has either scales or cones, style/stigma absent
Gymnosperm
2' Has flowering parts (petals), reproductive parts present around ovary
Angiosperm
1' Has spores, fruitless

Tracheophyta (fern-like)

Possesses rhizoid structures


Cell Biology
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Organelles (of the typical mammalian cell)
Subcellular structures and their jobs
Nucleus - The Genetic Guardian
- The Nuclear membrane: has a double membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
- Attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum; has ribosomes
- Nucleoplasm has many nuclear bodies
- Cajal
- Gemini
- Polycomb
- Nucleolus: "nucleus" of the nucleus and site of ribosomal biogenesis; not comparted
- Chromatid and chromosomes stored here

Mitochondia - Mommy Powerhouse
Mommy Powerhouse

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Father Factory

Golgi Apparatus (GA)
Post Office

Lysosomes
Recycling Plant

Plasma Membrane + Extracellular Matrix
The Juices

Microfilament
The Skeleton

Centrosomes + Microtubules
The Highway


The Cell Cycle (Eurakyotic Cells)
The life (and death?) of the cell
G1 Phase
The first growth phase
During late G1, proteins for chromosome replication are activated

G0 Phase
Quiescent phase
Metabolically inactive cells wait here until they are needed

G1 Checkpoint
DNA damage checkpoint

S Phase
Synthesis phase
There is some “S” factor that can trigger the chromosomes to replicate prematurely
contains DNA polymerase and other enzymes required for DNA synthesis, histones and non-histone proteins and the enzymes to make the deoxyribonucleotides

G2 Phase
The second growth phase

G2 Checkpoint
DNA damage and size checkpoint

M Phase
The factor in M phase cells predominates over every other cell cycle factor. We call this M phase factor MPF(mitotic promoting factor).
Mitosis - Cell replication and segregation
Prophase:
- nuclear envelope still intact
- spindle developing
- chromosomes condensing
- two chromatids held together by kinetochores (near the center)
Prometaphase:
- nuclear envelope fragments
- spindle pole established (orientation)
Metaphase:
- chromosomes align at the equator
Anaphase:
- chromatids separate towards poles
- inner spindle lengthens, outer spindle shortens
Telophase:
- nuclear envelope begins developing around separated chromatids
- chromosomes unravelling
Cytokinesis:
- nuclear envelope completes
- polar spindle cleaves and forms two cells

M Checkpoint
Spindle attachment checkpoint

Proteins, enzymes, factors & drugs, oh my!
Kinases
- enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates

Cyclins (proteins) and their dependent kinases (enzymes)
regulated by the binding of cyclically synthesized proteins

CyclinD/CDK4
- exists in the G phase
- destroyed at the end of the G phase
CyclinE/CDK2
- exists in the G phase
- stays for the S phase to start chromosome replication
Cyclin A/CDK2
- required to complete chromosome replication
CyclinB/CDK1
- produced during the G2 phase
- threshold triggers mitosis

Chromatins: euchromatin, heterochromatin
- DNA and protein complex. On/off

Dyneins
- cytoskeletal motor proteins that move along microtubules in cells
- convert the chemical energy stored in ATP to mechanical work

Kinesins
- motor protein associated with microtubule transport

Lamin
- Protein that supports the nuclear cytoskeleton

Drugs/Inhibitors
Colcemid (M)
- inhibits microtubule assembly, disassembles microtubules
- nuclear cycle continues until M where the mitotic spindle cannot form and the chromosome cycle is arrested (metaphase/anaphase block)

Aphidicolin (S)
- inhibits DNA polymerase a
- directly prevents replication at the replication fork

Hydroxyurea (S)
- inhibits the ribonucleotide reductase (enzyme that generates the deoxyribonucleotides required to synthesize new DNA)


Chemistry

Subjects to add/finish: Chemicals, General, Organic, Inorganic
List of Chemicals (I like)
Pyridine

(Molecular formula: C5H5N)

Nitrogen (N) makes the world go round! Pyridines are present in alkaloids (plant aroma and poison), histamines (allergen mediator) and many neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, dopamine, epineprhine). Pyridine as a structure includes any aromatic heterocyclic chain that has five carbons and a nitrogen; substituents would include only organic elements. It is used in various water repellents, bactericides, herbicides medicines, vitamins, food flavorings, pesticides, paints, dyes, adhesives, and waterproofing for fabrics.

General chemistry uses

- mix with ethanol (EtOH; molecular formula: C2H6O) => strong basic solvent that facilitates acyl substitutions

Biochemical uses

- sulfapyridine (M&B 693), a drug active against bacterial and viral infections

- pyribenzamine is an old antihistamic that was used to treat asthma, hay fever, rhinitis, and urticaria. is still used relatively frequently in cough/repiratory medication

- piperidine (C5H11N) is the representative structure for many alkaloids. it is used in rubber processing and as a chemical raw material

- present in the following vitamin Bs: niacin and pyridoxal

- isoniazid, an antitubercular drug

- it is found in nicotine, fried bacon, fried chicken, and cheese!

Lithium Diisopropyl Amide

(Molecular formula: C6H14LiN)

More on the way~