what is this plant?

adding section where i identify most common plants in california by color and size!

resources UNDER CONSTRUCTION UNDER CONSTRUCTION GRAHHH

Biology

Subjects to add/finish: Anatomy, Botany, Cell Biology, Ecology, Epidemiology
Anatomy
guhh

Botany
World Wide Flowering Plant Family Identification

Cell Biology
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Organelles (of the typical mammalian cell)
Subcellular structures and their jobs
Nucleus - The Genetic Guardian
- The Nuclear membrane: has a double membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
- Attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum; has ribosomes
- Nucleoplasm has many nuclear bodies
- Cajal
- Gemini
- Polycomb
- Nucleolus: "nucleus" of the nucleus and site of ribosomal biogenesis; not comparted
- Chromatid and chromosomes stored here
- Chromosomes are arranged in specific territories inside the nucleus

Mitochondia - Mommy Powerhouse
- Interacts heavily with the Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
- Can be fissured and fissioned
- Double membrane: phospholipid bilayer + cristae (oxidative metabolism)
- Crista: fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
- Respiratory chain (ATP): Complexes I, II, III, IV, V (phosphorylation)
- Coenzyme 10 + Cytochrome C
- Mitochondrial matrix contains mitochondrial genome
- mRNA, tRNA, electron transport chains, enzymes, acids, catalysts, ribosomes, matrix granules, etc.
- Calcium regulation for membrane constipation
- Apoptosis: Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization releases cytochrome C

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Has rough and smooth components
- Rough: Protein synthesis, folding, management, glycosylation
- Smooth: Synthesizes lipids and phospholipids, calcium ions
- Cisternae: sac like structures
- Has protruding tubes to increase surface area
- Chaperones enzymes that are sent to the golgi apparatus

Golgi Apparatus (GA) - Traffic Control Center
- Lipid synthesis
- Receives endoplasmic reticulums vesicles
- Fused, charged, organized
- Facilitates phosphorylation
- Has direct access to the plasma membrane

Lysosomes - The Recycling Plant
- Breaks down cellular waste
- Phospholipid bilayer sphere
- Full of enzymes that digest and hydrolyze
- Autophagy: cell component turnover

Plasma Membrane + Extracellular Matrix
- Semipermeable phospholipid bilayer
- Cytoskeleton
- Fibrous proteins: Collagen, elastin
- Glycoprotein: signaling, migration
- Peptidoglycan
- Active & passive transport chains
- (facilitated) diffusion, endo/ectocytosis
- Ligand binding sites, antigen markers (ID)
- Ion dynamic , lipid homeostasis, cell signaling

Microfilament - The Skeleton
- Organelle anchors and general cell structure
- Transportation
- Cytoskeleton
- Charged: one positive and one negative end
- Actin: Thin, flexible, fibrous

Centrosomes + Microtubules
- Cytoskeleton's primary contribution
- Cell's physical structure, mobility, polarity
- Meiosis and mitosis facilitators
- Have some DNA in them
- Help arrange, anchor, and connect organelles
- Centrosomes duplicate for cell division
- Mother and Daughter centrosomes
- Mother has tubule appendages


The Cell Cycle (Eurakyotic Cells)
The life (and death?) of the cell
G1 Phase
The first growth phase
- During late G1, proteins for chromosome replication are activated

G0 Phase
Quiescent phase
- Metabolically inactive cells wait here until they are needed

G1 Checkpoint
DNA damage checkpoint

S Phase
Synthesis phase
- There is some “S” factor that can trigger the chromosomes to replicate prematurely
- Contains DNA polymerase and other enzymes required for DNA synthesis, histones and non-histone proteins and the enzymes to make the deoxyribonucleotides
- Condensation of the chromosomes and the break down of the G2 nucleus are delayed until the S phase chromosomes have completed their replication

G2 Phase
The second growth phase
- Chromosome liscensed: fail safe or check system to ensure that the DNA is replicated only one time during a single cell cycle (license removed during M or early G1)

G2 Checkpoint
DNA damage and size checkpoint

M Phase
The factor in M phase cells predominates over every other cell cycle factor. We call this M phase factor MPF(mitotic promoting factor).
Mitosis - Cell replication and segregation
Prophase:
- nuclear envelope still intact
- spindle developing
- chromosomes condensing
- two chromatids held together by kinetochores (near the center)
Prometaphase:
- nuclear envelope fragments
- spindle pole established (orientation)
Metaphase:
- chromosomes align at the equator
Anaphase:
- chromatids separate towards poles
- inner spindle lengthens, outer spindle shortens
Telophase:
- nuclear envelope begins developing around separated chromatids
- chromosomes unravelling
Cytokinesis:
- nuclear envelope completes
- polar spindle cleaves and forms two cells

M Checkpoint
Spindle attachment checkpoint

Mitosis Deep Dive: Interphase through Cytokinesis
Interphase
Nucleation
- microtubules assemble from the centrosome towards the kinetochores
Nucleation from chTOG module
- gamma tubulin ring complex provides nucleating center for microtubule assembly and chTOG complex traps
- brings tubulin to initial (positive) end of microtubules
Nucleation from centrosome mediation
- pericentrin, CEP192, CDK5RAP2 proteins bind to gamma tubulin ring complex
Nucleation from CPC at the kinetochore
- CPC: chromosome passenger complex
- formation and localization of CPC activates Aurora B kinase
- Aurora B phosphorylates and inactivates MCAK (microtubule destabilizing protein) and stathmin (tubulin-sequestering protein)
- microtubule polymerizes towards kinetochores


Proteins, enzymes, factors & drugs, oh my!
Kinases
- enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates
p34 kinase
- requires correct phosphorylation for MPF activation

Cyclins (proteins) and their dependent kinases (enzymes)
regulated by the binding of cyclically synthesized proteins

CyclinD/CDK4
- exists in the G phase
- destroyed at the end of the G phase
CyclinE/CDK2
- exists in the G phase
- stays for the S phase to start chromosome replication
Cyclin A/CDK2
- required to complete chromosome replication
CyclinB/CDK1
- produced during the G2 phase
- threshold triggers mitosis
p34 kinase
- requires cyclin, so p34 falls under CDK

Chromatins: euchromatin, heterochromatin
- DNA and protein complex. On/off

Microtubule Motor Proteins
Dyneins (towards negative)
- retrograde cargo
- heavy + light chains
- cytoskeletal motor proteins that move along microtubules in cells
- convert the chemical energy stored in ATP to mechanical work

Kinesins (towards positive)
- anterograde cargo
- heavy chain + flexible hinge + light chains
- motor protein associated with microtubule transport
- andocytotic vesicle + cargo receptor


Lamin
- Protein that supports the nuclear cytoskeleton

Drugs/Inhibitors
Colcemid (M)
- inhibits microtubule assembly, disassembles microtubules
- nuclear cycle continues until M where the mitotic spindle cannot form and the chromosome cycle is arrested (metaphase/anaphase block)

Aphidicolin (S)
- inhibits DNA polymerase a
- directly prevents replication at the replication fork

Hydroxyurea (S)
- inhibits the ribonucleotide reductase (enzyme that generates the deoxyribonucleotides required to synthesize new DNA)


Chemistry

Subjects to add/finish: Chemicals, General, Organic, Inorganic
General Chemistry

[summary of gen chem]

Hypotheses, theories, facts and law

Definitions to know

Fact: True under any and all conditions

Hypothesis

Theory

Law

Belief

Hypotheses, theories, facts and law


Organic Chemistry


List of Chemicals (I like)
Pyridine

(Molecular formula: C5H5N)

Nitrogen (N) makes the world go round! Pyridines are present in alkaloids (plant aroma and poison), histamines (allergen mediator) and many neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, dopamine, epineprhine). Pyridine as a structure includes any aromatic heterocyclic chain that has five carbons and a nitrogen; substituents would include only organic elements. It is used in various water repellents, bactericides, herbicides medicines, vitamins, food flavorings, pesticides, paints, dyes, adhesives, and waterproofing for fabrics.

General chemistry uses

- mix with ethanol (EtOH; molecular formula: C2H6O) => strong basic solvent that facilitates acyl substitutions

Biochemical uses

- sulfapyridine (M&B 693), a drug active against bacterial and viral infections

- pyribenzamine is an old antihistamic that was used to treat asthma, hay fever, rhinitis, and urticaria. is still used relatively frequently in cough/repiratory medication

- piperidine (C5H11N) is the representative structure for many alkaloids. it is used in rubber processing and as a chemical raw material

- present in the following vitamin Bs: niacin and pyridoxal

- isoniazid, an antitubercular drug

- it is found in nicotine, fried bacon, fried chicken, and cheese!


Bases
Lithium Diisopropyl Amide

(Molecular formula: C6H14LiN)

Really strong base of a hindered lithium diorganylamides that is excellent for deprotonization at the alpha point in carbonyls.

Lithium Diisopropyl Amide

(Molecular formula: C6H14LiN)

Really strong base of a hindered lithium diorganylamides that is excellent for deprotonization at the alpha point in carbonyls.

Lithium Diisopropyl Amide

(Molecular formula: C6H14LiN)

Really strong base of a hindered lithium diorganylamides that is excellent for deprotonization at the alpha point in carbonyls.